Elders in the New Testament - What do the Gospels and Acts say about Elders?

During a recent extended congregational conversation, the question arose "what are elders?" This is an exceptional question! The New Testament speaks about elders a LOT. Some of the time New Testament writers (especially in the gospels) wrote about elders referring to the Jewish leaders of communities. In other words, not Christian elders. There is certainly a distinction to be made between Jewish elders, and Christian elders. 

For reference, the Gospels speak of elders in the following places as Jewish religious and community leaders: Matthew 15:2, 16:21, 21:23, 26:3, 26:47, 26:57, 27:1, 27:3, 27:12, 27:20, 27:41, 28:12, Mark 7:3, 7:5, 8:31, 11:27, 12:12, 14:43, 14:53, 15:1, Luke 7:3, 9:22, 20:1, 22:52, and 22:66. 

A stained-glass window depicting the Jerusalem Council of Acts 15

The rest of the New Testament speak of Elders (almost) exclusively as Christian's serving within the local church. The few exceptions are in spots that refer to the actions of Jewish elders within Jerusalem (Like Acts 4:5, 4:8, 4:23, 5:21, 6:12, 23:14, 24:1, 25:15). Besides these passages the rest of the New Testament speak of elders as servants of Jesus caring for and administering Godly decision making in the church. 

To give us a starting point for learning about Christian elders I'm going to cite several passages below which speak about Christian elders in the New Testament. Some of these passages are descriptive (describing elders), some are narrative (stories that includes elders), some are prescriptive (instructions for elders). 

In Acts 14 we read that it was the Apostle Paul's pattern to appoint Christian elders within churches:

Acts 14:23 Paul and Barnabas appointed elders for them in each church and, with prayer and fasting, committed them to the Lord, in whom they had put their trust.

In Acts 15:1-2 we read that Paul and Barnabas had a disagreement with another group and their teachings. The group who would settle this disagreement was the apostles and Christian elders:

Acts 15:1 Certain people came down from Judea to Antioch and were teaching the believers: “Unless you are circumcised, according to the custom taught by Moses, you cannot be saved.” 2 This brought Paul and Barnabas into sharp dispute and debate with them. So Paul and Barnabas were appointed, along with some other believers, to go up to Jerusalem to see the apostles and elders about this question.

The rest of Acts 15 then details the conflict resolution which included involvement from both the apostles and Christian elders (15:4, 6, 22, 23, 16:4). 

We read in Acts 20 that as Paul's ministry came towards his final journeys, he visited with the Christian elders of the church in Ephesus:

20:17 From Miletus, Paul sent to Ephesus for the elders of the church.

Paul gave an account of his own service (20:18-27) to the believers in Ephesus at this meeting with the Christian Ephesian elders. He then gave a solemn charge to the group of elders he was speaking with (20:28-31):

20:28 Keep watch over yourselves and all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be shepherds of the church of God, which he bought with his own blood. 29 I know that after I leave, savage wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock. 30 Even from your own number men will arise and distort the truth in order to draw away disciples after them. 31 So be on your guard! Remember that for three years I never stopped warning each of you night and day with tears. 

This meeting would be the last time Paul and these elders would be together in this life. This farewell was deeply saddening and emotional (20:36-38):

20:36 When Paul had finished speaking, he knelt down with all of them and prayed. 37 They all wept as they embraced him and kissed him. 38 What grieved them most was his statement that they would never see his face again. Then they accompanied him to the ship. 

The next mention of Christian elders in Acts is when Paul arrives in Jerusalem for the last time. We see from this passage that Christian elders had some level of responsibility in receiving reports and making recommendations (21:17-19):

21:17 When we arrived at Jerusalem, the brothers and sisters received us warmly. 18 The next day Paul and the rest of us went to see James, and all the elders were present. 19 Paul greeted them and reported in detail what God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry

The last three times elders are mentioned by name in Acts it is in reference to Jewish elders (23:14, 24:1, 25:15).

Next up, we will take a look at what the New Testament beyond the four Gospels and Acts has to say about elders.